This experiment for the learning process known as classical conditioning, the idea that animals can be conditioned to expect a certain outcome when presented with a specific situation. The study of classical conditioning can explain how people develop phobias or other irrational fears or beliefs. Clinical psychology relates to psychologists directly providing comprehensive healthcare to patients who are suffering from mental illness.
Clinical psychologists interact with patients through observations, interviews and tests before making a diagnosis and coming up with a plan to deal with the symptoms of a mental illness. Many psychologists in this field use psychoanalysis, a psychological theory and form of therapy for treating mental disorders in patients. Over the course of multiple visits, psychologists delve into the emotions and experiences of a patient to provide insight into the illness.
Now, Roberts works with players across the league who are at risk of using or are currently using drugs. Concerned with mental processes, cognitive psychologists study the human thought process and how people obtain, process, and store information in the brain.
These psychologists conduct experiments and research to study memory, perception, and learning. They work to better understand the mind and find solutions to memory loss, learning disabilities, and other cognitive issues.
While many cognitive psychologists work mainly in researching and studying the brain, some provide therapies to patients, such as those who suffer from dementia. Prospect theory , developed by psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, attempts to explain how individuals decide between two alternatives where risk is involved, and the outcomes are unknown.
Kahneman and Tversky found that contrary to classic economic theory, which assumed subjects would always make rational decisions, people were more likely to choose a potential outcome with certainty over one with more risk.
Patients who are suffering through stressful moments in life could be advised to see a counseling psychologist. Counseling psychologists treat patients who are experiencing an emotional strain caused by social or physical factors. This differs from clinical psychologists, who treat and diagnose patients with mental disorders.
Marriage and grief counselors would be considered part of counseling psychology. The counselors assess patients and then advise them with a personalized plan to improving their well-being and decreasing stress. The theory of learned helplessness, developed by well-known psychologist Martin Seligman, states that people and animals who have been conditioned to expect negative responses assume there will be another negative response waiting for them, even in a different situation, and are unlikely to attempt to change their situation.
This landmark theory has helped doctors and psychologists better understand how depression forms. Developmental psychologists have helped us better understand how people mature over the course of their lives, both emotionally and physically, studying human development from birth until old age. Specifically, psychologists take an in-depth look at biological growth of the body, cognitive expansion and emotional maturity, among other areas of study.
When working with patients, developmental psychologists assess and diagnose to treat various issues, such as developmental delays in children. Some of these delays are common, and a psychologist could diagnose therapy to help the child catch up or just observation to see how the child improves on his or her own. One of the most famous developmental psychologists is Jean Piaget. Piaget theorized that children learn best through experience, actively exploring and discovering new items and outcomes to save in their memory banks and use as building blocks for more exploration in the future.
Educational psychologists study factors that impact learning, including learning methods and how information is processed and absorbed. Luckily, your options are numerous in this field. Learn more about some common psychologist specialties you might consider. School psychologists are responsible for a range of duties, most notably providing psychological services to help students succeed academically, socially, behaviorally and emotionally. While most work with K students and their families, some will also work with young adults like college freshmen.
They also strive to create an inclusive and support learning environment for the school as a whole. Those practicing in this area of psychology will likely need a master's degree and must meet the licensure requirements specific to their state.
According to the APA, this specialty aims to address behavioral and mental health issues in individuals of any age and across all ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds.
Clinical psychologists provide assessment, consultation and intervention for individuals dealing with intellectual, emotional, psychological, social and behavioral maladjustment issues.
They work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, an eating disorder, substance abuse disorder or even those who have severe psychopathology. While some clinical career fields in psychology are open to master's-qualified candidates , most will require a doctoral degree. The broad range of services provided by clinical psychologists means these jobs can be found in a number of different environments—from hospitals and mental health facilities to private and government-run organizations, such as schools, police departments and military branches.
Clinical child psychology is a specialty that helps deliver psychological services to infants, toddlers, children and adolescents. Professionals in this realm assess and treat a range of biological, psychological and social challenges that young patients experience. Other times, there could be health-related challenges holding a child back. Things like trauma and loss have their own stronghold over young patients, and clinical child psychologists—typically those with a doctoral degree—are trained to understand the unique needs of our young people and help them move past the hurdles blocking their paths.
Depending on the setting, these healthcare professionals may specialize one of several different fields of psychology, including behavior during infancy, childhood or adolescence and developmental disabilities. Hopefuls can begin honing their skills in these areas as early as during the undergraduate experience with a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology with a Child Psychology concentration.
Clinical health psychology is another offshoot of this industry. Clinical health psychologists may help people with things like weight management, pain management, tobacco use and adjustment to chronic disease. Most health psychologists work in a hospital or clinic. Positions can also be found at non-profit organizations, large corporations, universities, government sectors and private research facilities. Developmental psychology focuses on how people change and grow throughout life.
The scientific study of human development seeks to understand and explain how and why people change throughout life. Developmental psychologists often study things such as physical growth, intellectual development, emotional changes, social growth, and perceptual changes that occur over the course of the lifespan. These psychologists generally specialize in an area such as infant, child, adolescent, or geriatric development, while others may study the effects of developmental delays.
This field covers a huge range of topics including everything from prenatal development to Alzheimer's disease. Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with schools, teaching psychology, educational issues, and student concerns.
Educational psychologists often study how students learn or work directly with students, parents, teachers, and administrators to improve student outcomes.
They might study how different variables influence individual student outcomes. They also study topics such as learning disabilities, giftedness, the instructional process, and individual differences. Experimental psychology is the branch of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the brain and behavior. Many of these techniques are also used by other areas in psychology to conduct research on everything from childhood development to social issues.
Experimental psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including colleges, universities, research centers, government, and private businesses. Experimental psychologists utilize the scientific method to study a whole range of human behaviors and psychological phenomena. This branch of psychology is often viewed as a distinct subfield within psychology, but experimental techniques and methods are actually used extensively throughout every subfield of psychology.
Some of the methods used in experimental psychology include experiments, correlational studies , case studies , and naturalistic observation. Forensic psychology is a specialty area that deals with issues related to psychology and the law. Those who work in this field of psychology apply psychological principles to legal issues. This may involve studying criminal behavior and treatments or working directly in the court system. Forensic psychologists perform a wide variety of duties, including providing testimony in court cases, assessing children in suspected child abuse cases, preparing children to give testimony and evaluating the mental competence of criminal suspects.
This branch of psychology is defined as the intersection of psychology and the law, but forensic psychologists can perform many roles so this definition can vary. In many cases, people working in forensic psychology are not necessarily "forensic psychologists. Health psychology is a specialty area that focuses on how biology, psychology, behavior and social factors influence health and illness. Other terms including medical psychology and behavioral medicine are sometimes used interchangeably with the term health psychology.
The field of health psychology is focused on promoting health as well as the prevention and treatment of disease and illness. Health psychologists are interested in improving health across a wide variety of domains. These professionals not only promote healthy behaviors, but they also work on the prevention and treatment of illness and disease. Health psychologists often deal with health-related issues such as weight management, smoking cessation, stress management, and nutrition.
They might also research how people cope with illnesses and help patients look for new, more effective coping strategies. Some professionals in this field help design prevention and public awareness programs, while others work within the government to improve health care policies. Industrial-organizational psychology is a branch that applies psychological principles to research on workplace issues such as productivity and behavior.
Some psychologists in this field work in areas such as human factors , ergonomics, and human-computer interaction. Human factors psychology is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on topics such as human error, product design, ergonomics, human capability, and human-computer interaction.
People who work in human factors are focused on improving how people interact with products and machines both in and out of the workplace.
They might help design products intended to minimize injury or create workplaces that promote greater accuracy and improved safety. Personality psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the thought patterns, feelings, and behaviors that make each individual unique.
Classic theories of personality include Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality and Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Log in Register.
Getting a job CVs and cover letters Applying for jobs Interview tips Open days and events Applying for university Choosing a course Getting into university Student loans and finance University life Changing or leaving your course Alternatives to university Post a job. A psychology degree is a great starting point for a career in both science and the arts, as it equips you with a range of skills and opens up opportunities with a range of employers Job options Jobs directly related to your degree include: Clinical psychologist Counselling psychologist Education mental health practitioner Educational psychologist Forensic psychologist Further education teacher Health psychologist High intensity therapist Occupational psychologist Psychological wellbeing practitioner Sport and exercise psychologist Jobs where your degree would be useful include: Advice worker Border Force officer Careers adviser Chaplain Counsellor Dance movement psychotherapist Education consultant Human resources officer Life coach Market researcher Mediator Neuroscientist Play therapist Policy officer Psychotherapist Social researcher Remember that many employers accept applications from graduates with any degree subject, so don't restrict your thinking to the jobs listed here.
Work experience Postgraduate training and study is a requirement to become a chartered psychologist. Experience as a research assistant is also relevant. Typical employers Although some psychology graduates become professional psychologists, many go on to work in related fields.
A degree in psychology provides a useful foundation for a range of careers and employers. Major employers of psychology graduates include: careers and counselling services commercial and industrial companies financial organisations human resources departments legal firms and organisations providing advice local and national government marketing companies the media the NHS police forces, the National Probation Service and prisons schools, sixth form colleges, colleges of further education and higher education institutions social research organisations social services.
Skills for your CV Transferable skills include: written and verbal communication, including report writing and presenting information technology handling of data and statistics analytical research problem solving the ability to work in teams as well as independently project management.
What do psychology graduates do? Destination Percentage Employed Type of work Percentage Childcare, health and education 22 Legal, social and welfare How would you rate this page?
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